Outsourcing
El vínculo que se genera en una relación de tercerización de tareas es un tema de estudio permanente por parte de la ciencia de la administración, pero cobra vital importancia para el caso particular de los sistemas de gestión, ya que estos contienen gran parte de la inteligencia corporativa de la Organización. Además de los datos que registra, del sistema informático pueden leerse los procedimientos administrativos y la forma en que se han resuelto problemas anteriores.
Este conjunto de información y procedimientos conforma una parte fundamental de la Organización y generalmente se intenta preservar de la competencia, más aún si ésta forma parte de una capacidad que sostiene una ventaja competitiva. Vale recordar que una capacidad se sustenta por procesos, know how, relaciones y activos, por lo que no se podrá imitar fácilmente esta capacidad sólo copiando los procesos que contiene el sistema, pero se conocerá más sobre la organización rival.
Analicemos las conclusiones de un estudio de Dragonetti, Dalsace y Cool:
“Encontramos que el outsourcing es más frecuente bajo condiciones de alta incertidumbre tecnológica y alto nivel de intercambio. También obtuvimos deducciones exploratorias sobre el hecho que bajo estas condiciones el outsourcing conduce a una gran Performance. Este resultado está de acuerdo a la literatura: las empresas pueden usar sus proveedores de tareas tercerizadas como base de conocimiento, así como integrar sus experiencias y competencias para lograr un mejor rendimiento…”1
Como vemos, la clave del éxito radica entonces en la integración de los proveedores, que sólo es posible con un alto grado de confianza mutuo.
Los proveedores de sistemas de gestión (consultoras) deben asegurar la confidencialidad de la información y de los conocimientos operativos de la empresa. Sólo así podrán fundamentar una relación sólida y estable de cooperación.
Las empresas, por su parte, deberán integrar a sus proveedores, dedicándoles tiempo y esfuerzo. Cosa que sólo es posible reduciendo la cantidad de proveedores, o sea manteniendo una baja cantidad de relaciones pero de alta calidad. Como lo expresa Dail y West:
“Nuestro estudio muestra que para obtener una relación de alto valor, muchas compañías deben cambiar su comportamiento y la forma en que se comunican con sus proveedores.”…
“Los siguientes comportamientos promueven relaciones más próximas:
Sea explícito con sus pretensiones. Un buen análisis ayuda a identificar qué se espera de la relación con sus proveedores. Las necesidades… deben ser comunicadas claramente y el proveedor debe explícitamente comprometerse a alcanzarlas….
Involucre administradores señor. Asignando un patrocinador ejecutivo… para construir, monitorear y mantener el vínculo con los proveedores, les indica que esta relación es importante para la organización….
Compartir información. Cuando una compañía comparte detalles acerca de su infraestructura de informática, planes de negocio, prioridades, o planes de desarrollo tecnológico, sus proveedores pueden aportar soluciones más efectivas. Más aún, permite a los proveedores potenciar su investigación y desarrollo previniendo futuros costos de adaptación. Claramente, ocultar información es contraproductivo.
Provea retroalimentación regularmente. La retroalimentación de información de forma sistemática y constructiva demuestra un gran nivel de compromiso y provee un foro para resolver temas….”2
Información gerencial
Este término tan en boga actualmente, es una de las principales causas que producen la insatisfacción de los clientes cuando compran un sistema.
Es frecuente escuchar promociones de sistemas que afirman que la organización se puede administrar remotamente, que mediante la información provista no es necesaria la presencia diaria del administrador, que el tablero de comando propuesto asegura el monitoreo de la organización.
Nada más alejado.
Tampoco vayamos hacia el otro extremo negando la existencia de información gerencial provista por los sistemas informáticos, porque también es una afirmación errónea. Muchas veces los gerentes se basan en informes o indicadores de gestión para realizar su trabajo.
Entonces, ¿Qué es la información gerencial?
La empresa es como un avión. El piloto se basa en los “informes” disponibles en su cabina, pero también necesita información del exterior como el servicio de meteorología o la torre de control. Además interactúa con su tripulación y también con los pasajeros. Cada situación problemática que se presenta debe ser definida por él mismo y luego puede ser delegada a sus ayudantes. Los problemas son detectados por el instrumental de la nave, las ayudas externas, o los eventos que se producen dentro de la misma. Todos estos son informes imprescindibles para su gestión, y una vez que siente el malestar producido por esta situación, sale en busca de datos para poder definirlos y comenzar a resolverlos o desestimarlos.
Aprovechando la analogía, definimos entonces la información gerencial como las fuentes de datos que provocan una situación problemática o la información necesaria para estructurarla.
Vale en este momento la definición de problema planteada por O. Johansen:
“aquella situación en la que surgen dudas o incertidumbre en cuanto al logro o la consecución de un fin.”
Según la definición antes estudiada no existe manera de asegurar la provisión de información necesaria al administrador ya que sus tareas son imposibles de estructurar, por tal razón los informes que genera un sistema informático pueden ser relevantes en un momento y dejar de serlo en otra circunstancia.
Aumenta la complejidad el hecho que resalta O. Johansen:
“existen muchos casos en que la conexión entre la aparición de la incertidumbre y la definición del problema que se enfrenta no es ni tan rápida ni tan directa. Es perfectamente posible que la persona experimente un cierto grado de incertidumbre, lo que le señala que se encuentra frente a una situación problemática, pero que sólo pueda asociarlo a hechos que son demasiado débiles para definirlo concretamente.”
Es por eso que los indicadores de gestión son un buen ejemplo de la paradoja de la información gerencial, porque sólo se los puede considerar como información cuando producen un malestar en el administrador. Justamente, lo opuesto a lo que un proveedor de sistemas quiere lograr.
Una vez que el administrador siente el malestar, sale apresuradamente a buscar la información para definir el problema, y es bastante improbable que el sistema pueda brindársela tal cual como él la quiere encontrar, por eso es frecuente que a partir de informes existentes se los modifique o adapte para la nueva necesidad. Cabe aclarar que si el problema que intenta definir el administrador ya hubiera sido concebido por el analista informático, es de esperar que esto no sea un problema que requiera la intervención del administrador, o sea que difícilmente pueda considerársela como información gerencial.
Quiénes usan los sistemas informáticos
No necesariamente un sistema informático es un software comprado o desarrollado por especialistas. Más aún, los programas sistematizados pasan a ser obsoletos o incompletos cada vez que el administrador interviene en el proceso que los fundamenta. Es por eso que la Organización se adapta rápidamente con los medios que están a su alcance (limitados por los recursos económicos o por los conocimientos técnicos necesarios), al nuevo proceso. Lo que vemos comúnmente mediante planillas u hojas de cálculo.
Los sistemas estructuran problemas ya definidos. Por ende actúan sobre procesos ya definidos, es decir que cuando el administrador define un proceso o lo adapta a su nueva teoría de la realidad, utiliza el sistema para automatizar tareas o incluir comportamientos de sus subordinados de acuerdo a sus reglas de decisión.
El administrador no es usuario del sistema.
Sin embargo, como vimos en el punto anterior, puede valerse de la información que el sistema provee para su trabajo. Insistimos: el sistema no tiene como objetivo proveer de información al administrador, si lo hace es como una externalidad positiva.
Los usuarios son todos aquellos subordinados que intervienen en los procesos que han sido definidos por el administrador y que por supuesto, se estructuran con un sistema informático. Es un alcance vago pero refleja la realidad, a medida que el administrador estructura problemas, se van sumando más usuarios al sistema.
Se explica entonces una de las afirmaciones que planteamos en la introducción: es difícil encontrar un puesto administrativo sin una computadora conectada a las demás.
Outsourcing
The link that is generated in a task outsourcing relationship is a subject of ongoing study by the science of administration, but is of vital importance to the particular case of management systems, as these contain much of the intelligence corporate of the Organization. In addition to the data recorded,in the computer system it is posible to read the administrative procedures and the way that earlier problems have been resolved.
This set of information and procedures forms an essential part of the organization and generally tries to preserve from competition, especially if it is part of a capacity which support a competitive advantage. It is worth remembering that a capacity is founded on process, know-how, relationships and assets, so that you can not easily imitate this ability only copying the processes contained in the system, but will know more about the rival organization.
Let´s consider the findings of a study of Dragonetti, Dalsace and Cool:
"We found that outsourcing is more common under conditions of high technological uncertainty and high trade level. We also obtained exploratory deductions about the fact that under these conditions the outsourcing eads to a large Performance. This result is in accordance to literature: firms can use their jobs outsourced providers as a knowledge base and integrate their experiences and skills to achieve better performance ... " 1
As we see, the key to success then lies in the integration of suppliers, which is only possible with a high degree of mutual trust.
The management system providers (consultants) must ensure the confidentiality of information and operational knowledge of the company. Only then can base a sound and stable relationship of cooperation.
Companies, meanwhile, must integrate their suppliers, devoting time and effort. Which is only possible by reducing the number of suppliers, or to maintain a low number of relationships but high quality. As stated by Dail and West:
"We found that outsourcing is more common under conditions of high technological uncertainty and high trade level. We also obtained exploratory deductions about the fact that under these conditions the outsourcing eads to a large Performance. This result is in accordance to literature: firms can use their jobs outsourced providers as a knowledge base and integrate their experiences and skills to achieve better performance ... " 1
As we see, the key to success then lies in the integration of suppliers, which is only possible with a high degree of mutual trust.
The management system providers (consultants) must ensure the confidentiality of information and operational knowledge of the company. Only then can base a sound and stable relationship of cooperation.
Companies, meanwhile, must integrate their suppliers, devoting time and effort. Which is only possible by reducing the number of suppliers, or to maintain a low number of relationships but high quality. As stated by Dail and West:
"Our study shows that to obtain a ratio of high value, many companies must change their behavior and how they communicate with their suppliers." ...
"The following behaviors promote closer relations:Be explicit with yours claims. A good analysis helps identify what is expected of the relationship with suppliers. ... The needs must be clearly communicated and the provider must explicitly commit to achieve ....Involve seniors managers Assigning an executive sponsor ... to build, monitor and maintain the link with suppliers, it indicates that this relationship is important for the organization ....Share information. When a company shares details about their IT infrastructure, business plans, priorities, and technological development plans, providers can provide effective solutions. Moreover, it allows providers to enhance their research and prevent future development costs of adaptation. Clearly, hiding information is counterproductive.Provide feedback regularly. Information feedback and constructive consistently demonstrates a high level of commitment and provides a forum for resolving issues .... " 2
"The following behaviors promote closer relations:Be explicit with yours claims. A good analysis helps identify what is expected of the relationship with suppliers. ... The needs must be clearly communicated and the provider must explicitly commit to achieve ....Involve seniors managers Assigning an executive sponsor ... to build, monitor and maintain the link with suppliers, it indicates that this relationship is important for the organization ....Share information. When a company shares details about their IT infrastructure, business plans, priorities, and technological development plans, providers can provide effective solutions. Moreover, it allows providers to enhance their research and prevent future development costs of adaptation. Clearly, hiding information is counterproductive.Provide feedback regularly. Information feedback and constructive consistently demonstrates a high level of commitment and provides a forum for resolving issues .... " 2
information management
This term currently in vogue, is a major underlying causes of customer dissatisfaction when they purchase a system.
It is often said promotions systems state that the organization can be managed remotely, using the information provided is not required the daily presence of the administrator, the proposed scorecard ensures monitoring of the organization.
Nothing could be farther.
Nor go to the other end to deny the existence of management information provided by computer systems, since it's a misstatement. Managers often rely on reports and performance indicators for their work.
So what is information management?
The company is like a plane. The pilot is based on "reports" available in your cabin, but also needs information from the outside as the weather service or the control tower. Also interacts with its crew and the passengers. Each situation presents problems that must be defined by himself and then can be delegated to his assistants. The problems are detected by the ship's instruments, foreign aid, or events that occur within it. These are all ts reporessential for his management, and once he feels the discomfort caused by this situation, he goes in search of data to define and begin to resolve or dismiss them.
Drawing the analogy, we define then the management information as data sources that cause a problem situation or the information needed to structure it.
It is useful at this point the definition of problem raised by O. Johansen:
"A situation in which there are doubts or uncertainty in achieving or achievement of an end."
As definition earlier studied there is no way to ensure the provision of necessary information to the manager just because his tasks are impossible to structure, for this reason the reports generated by a computer system may be relevant at a time and stop being so in other circumstances.
Increases the complexity the fact that O. Johansen highlights:
"There are many cases where the connection between the appearance of uncertainty and the definition of the problem at hand is not as fast or as straightforward. It is perfectly possible that the person experiences a degree of uncertainty, which says that he is facing a problematic situation, but that can only be associated with events that are too weak to define concretely. "
As definition earlier studied there is no way to ensure the provision of necessary information to the manager just because his tasks are impossible to structure, for this reason the reports generated by a computer system may be relevant at a time and stop being so in other circumstances.
Increases the complexity the fact that O. Johansen highlights:
"There are many cases where the connection between the appearance of uncertainty and the definition of the problem at hand is not as fast or as straightforward. It is perfectly possible that the person experiences a degree of uncertainty, which says that he is facing a problematic situation, but that can only be associated with events that are too weak to define concretely. "
That's why the management indicators are a good example of the paradox of management information, because they only can be considered as information when producing an upset in the manager. Precisely the opposite of what a system provider wants to achieve.
Once the manager feels the discomfort, rushes out to seek information to define the problem, and it is unlikely that the system can provide just the way he wants to find, so it is often to modify from existing reports to adapt to the new need. It should be noted that if the problem that attempts to define the administrator has already been conceived by the computer analyst, hopefully this is not a problem requiring administrator intervention, so it can hardly be considered as information management.
Once the manager feels the discomfort, rushes out to seek information to define the problem, and it is unlikely that the system can provide just the way he wants to find, so it is often to modify from existing reports to adapt to the new need. It should be noted that if the problem that attempts to define the administrator has already been conceived by the computer analyst, hopefully this is not a problem requiring administrator intervention, so it can hardly be considered as information management.
Who uses the computer systems
Not necessarily a computer system is a software purchased or developed by specialists. Moreover, systematic programs become obsolete or incomplete whenever the manager is involved in the process fundamentals. That's why the organization adapts quickly to the means at its disposal (limited by funding or technical expertise), to the new process. That is what we see usually through forms or spreadsheets.
Systems Structure problems already identified. Therefore act on processes already defined, ie when the administrator defines a process or adapts it to his new theory of reality, the system uses to automate tasks or behaviors include subordinates according to their rules of decision.
The administrator is not a system user.
However, as we saw in the previous section, may use the information the system provides for his work. We insist: the system is not intended to provide information to the administrator, if it does this is a positive externality.
Users are all those subordinates involved in the processes that have been defined by the administrator and of course, are structured with a computer system. It is a vague but reflects reality, as the manager structure problems, more users are added to the system.
It then explains one of the claims raised in the introduction: it is difficult to find an administrative position without a computer connected to the others.
The administrator is not a system user.
However, as we saw in the previous section, may use the information the system provides for his work. We insist: the system is not intended to provide information to the administrator, if it does this is a positive externality.
Users are all those subordinates involved in the processes that have been defined by the administrator and of course, are structured with a computer system. It is a vague but reflects reality, as the manager structure problems, more users are added to the system.
It then explains one of the claims raised in the introduction: it is difficult to find an administrative position without a computer connected to the others.
1 N. C. Dragonetti, F. Dalsace y K. Cool, “A Comparative test of the efficiency, focus and learning perspectives of outsourcing”, INSEAD R & D, 2001 www.insead.fr
2 Baljit S. Dail y Andrew S. West, “Building stronger IT vendor relationships”, The McKinsey Quarterly, web exclusive, Junio 2005 www.mckinseyquarterly.com
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